BIOLOGY

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SCIENCE CLINIC PRIVATE TUTORING LTD Thu, Jun 23, 2022 10:12 PM UTC

GCSE (9-1)

1. A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the growth of seedlings.
Figure 1 shows the equipment.
Figure 1
(a) Which two improvements should the student make to the investigation?
✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓
Give more water to the seedlings nearest the lamp
Leave some of the seedlings for a few more days
Open a window to let more air in
Put all the dishes the same distance from the radiator
Use equal numbers of seedlings in each dish
(2)
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2. (b) What is the dependent variable in the investigation?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
The height of the seedlings
The mass of cotton wool
The temperature of the room
(1)
(c) In each dish the seedlings compete with each other.
Give two factors the seedlings compete for.
1 _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
Figure 2 shows a seedling growing towards a lamp.
Figure 2
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3. (d) What happened to the growth of the seedling on side P compared with the growth on side
Q?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
Side P has grown less than side Q
Side P has grown more than side Q
Side P has grown the same as side Q
(1)
(e) Plant responses are called tropisms.
Which tropism causes the seedling to grow towards light?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
Geotropism
Gravitropism
Phototropism
(1)
(f) Which hormone causes the seedling to grow towards the light?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
Auxin
Insulin
Testosterone
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
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4. Green plants are found at the start of all food chains.
(a) Complete the sentences.
(i) The source of energy for green plants is radiation from the _______________
(1)
(ii) Green plants absorb some of the light energy that reaches them for a
process called ______________________________
(1)
(b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
chemical
(i) This process transfers light energy into sound energy.
electrical
(1)
carbon dioxide.
(ii) The process uses the gas oxygen.
water.
(1)
carbohydrates.
(iii) The process produces carbon-containing compounds called minerals.
salts.
(1)
(c) The amount of living material (biomass) at each stage in a food chain is less than at the
previous stage.
The diagram shows a food chain.
oak tree caterpillar blue-tit hawk
Give two ways in which biomass is lost in this food chain.
Tick ( ) two boxes.
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5. As carbon dioxide from the caterpillar
As food eaten by the hawk
As oxygen from the oak tree
As faeces (droppings) from the blue-tit
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Many human actions are reflexes.
(a) Which two of the following are examples of reflex actions?
Tick two boxes.
Jumping in the air to catch a ball
Raising a hand to protect the eyes in bright light
Releasing saliva when food enters the mouth
Running away from danger
Withdrawing the hand from a sharp object
(2)
Figure 1 shows how the size of the pupil of the human eye can change by reflex action.
Figure 1
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6. (b) Name one stimulus that would cause the pupil to change in size from A to B, as shown in
Figure 1.
____________________________________
(1)
(c) Structure Q causes the change in size of the pupil.
Name structure Q.
____________________________________
(1)
(d) Describe how structure Q causes the change in the size of the pupil from A to B.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Figure 2 shows some structures involved in the coordination of a reflex action.
Figure 2
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7. Describe how the structures shown in Figure 2 help to coordinate a reflex action.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Brown trout are fish that kill and eat other animals.
(a) Choose a word from this list to complete the sentence below.
competitors consumers prey producers
Trout are predators, the animals they eat are their _____________________ .
(1)
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8. (b) The graph shows the ages of the brown trout found in the river Tees.
There was no serious pollution in the river during this time.
Suggest three reasons why few brown trout live to be over two years old.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
A person with Type 1 diabetes cannot make enough insulin.
(a) Which organ makes insulin?
Tick one box.
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
(1)
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9. (b) A person with Type 1 diabetes can control the concentration of glucose in the blood by
injecting insulin.
Complete the sentences.
Choose answers from the box.
DNA glycogen kidney
liver protein skin
Insulin acts on an organ called the _____________________ .
This organ then takes in excess glucose from the blood and changes
the glucose into _____________________ .
(2)
(c) Insulin cannot be taken as a tablet. This is because insulin is a type of protein.
What would happen to the insulin in the tablet if it reached the stomach?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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10. Two people each drank the same volume of a glucose drink.
Person A has Type 1 diabetes.
Person B does not have diabetes.
Figure 1 shows how the concentration of glucose in their blood changed.
Figure 1
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11. (d) How much higher was the highest concentration of glucose in the blood of person A than
the highest concentration in person B?
Use information from Figure 1.
___________________________________________________________________
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Answer = ______________________ mmol/dm3
(2)
(e) Describe one other way that the results for person A were different from the results for
person B.
Use information from Figure 1.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Type 2 diabetes is another form of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is common in obese people.
People with Type 2 diabetes make enough insulin, but still cannot control their blood glucose
concentration. This is because the body cells are not sensitive to the insulin.
Figure 2 shows information about abdominal fat and insulin sensitivity in body cells.
Figure 2
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12. (f) What type of relationship is shown in Figure 2?
Tick one box.
A negative correlation
No correlation
A positive correlation
(1)
(g) A person is at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Suggest two ways the person could lower the chance of developing Type 2 diabetes.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
The image below shows a model biogas generator.
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13. Students used the model biogas generator to investigate which type of food waste produces the
greatest yield of biogas.
Gas collects in the balloon. The gas is then released through the valve and is burned at the
Bunsen burner.
The students:
• put 500 g of potato peelings in the plastic bottle with some water and sealed the apparatus
• released the gas from the balloon after day two and timed how long the gas burned for
• released the gas that had collected in the balloon from day two to day four and timed how
long the gas burned for
• repeated the investigation using 500 g of cooked rice, then 500 g of cabbage leaves and
then 500 g of cooked pasta.
(a) Table 1 shows the students’ results.
Table 1
Length of time the gas burned
in seconds
Type of food waste
After day two From day two
to day four
Potato peelings 0 175
Cooked rice 0 100
Cabbage leaves 0 150
Cooked pasta 0 160
(i) Suggest why the gas collected in the balloon and released after day two did not burn.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
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14. (ii) Suggest why potato peelings produced the most biogas.
______________________________________________________________
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(1)
(b) Scientists investigated the production of biogas from different types of animal manure.
Table 2 shows the scientists’ results.
Table 2
Volume of Methane in
biogas produced the biogas
Type of mannure
in m3 as % of total
per kg of manure volume
Cow 0.34 65
Pig 0.58 68
Hen 0.62 60
Horse 0.30 66
Sheep 0.61 67
(i) Calculate the volume of methane produced from 1 kg of cow manure.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Volume of methane = __________ m3
(2)
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15. (ii) One scientist concluded that it would be better to use sheep manure in a biogas
generator than to use cow manure.
What is the evidence for this conclusion?
Use information from Table 2 in your answer.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
A gardener wants to add compost to the soil to increase his yield of strawberries.
The gardener wants to make his own compost.
(a) An airtight compost heap causes anaerobic decay.
Explain why the gardener might be against producing compost using this method.
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(2)
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16. (b) The gardener finds this research on the Internet:
‘A carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25:1 will produce fertile compost.’
Look at the table below.
Type of material Mass of carbon Mass of nitrogen
Carbon:nitrogen ratio
to compost in sample in g in sample in g
Chicken manure 8.75 1.25 7:1
Horse manure 10.00 0.50 20:1
Peat moss 9.80 0.20 X
Determine the ratio X in the table above.
___________________________________________________________________
Ratio ________________
(1)
(c) Which type of material in the table above would be best for the gardener to use to make his
compost?
Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
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17. (d) Some of the leaves from the gardener’s strawberry plant die.
The dead leaves fall off the strawberry plant onto the ground.
The carbon in the dead leaves is recycled through the carbon cycle.
Explain how the carbon is recycled into the growth of new leaves.
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(6)
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18. (e) The diagram below shows two strawberries.
• Both strawberries were picked from the same strawberry plant.
• Both strawberries were picked 3 days ago.
• The strawberries were stored in different conditions.
Strawberry A Strawberry B
A © sarahdoow/iStock/Thinkstock, B © Mariusz Vlack/iStock/Thinkstock
Give three possible reasons that may have caused strawberry A to decay.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
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(3)
(Total 13 marks)
In compost heaps, dead plants are broken down by microbes.
8. This breakdown is much slower:
• when the weather is cold
• when the weather is dry
• when the heap is squashed down so that no air can circulate.
(a) What three conditions inside compost heaps are needed for microbes to work quickly?
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
(3)
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19. (b) Why is the breakdown of dead plants important for living plants?
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
A food for pet dogs contains meat from chickens.
The below diagram shows the food chain.
(a) What is the trophic level of the dog?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
1 2 3
(1)
(b) Draw one line from each organism to the description of the organism’s position in the food
chain.
(3)
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20. (c) Name the process wheat plants use to make glucose.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Some of the chicken biomass does not become part of the dog’s biomass.
What is one reason why?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
Some of the chicken is used for the dog to grow
The dog produces waste in faeces
The wheat is eaten by the dog
(1)
A new dog food has been developed.
The new dog food is made from insects.
The insects in the dog food factory are fed on vegetables.
(e) Which pyramid of biomass represents the vegetables, insects and dogs in this food chain?
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
(1)
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21. (f) Beef from cows is used to make some dog food.
Cows release methane.
The company that makes dog food from insects made the statement: ‘Dog food made from
insects is more sustainable than dog food made from beef.’
Which are two reasons that support the company’s statement?
✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓
Dogs will eat more insects than cows
Farming cows needs more land than farming insects
Fewer cows being farmed will slow down global warming
Fewer insects than cows are needed to produce dog food
The food chain for dog food made from insects has more trophic levels
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Gardeners often collect fallen leaves in autumn and place them on compost heaps.
(a) Over the next year the leaves decay.
Which living things cause decay?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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22. (b) The leaves decay more quickly in summer than in winter.
Give one reason why.
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
(c) The compost heap has holes in its sides to let gases enter.
Which gas is needed for decay?
Tick ( ) one box.
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Three students measured their reaction times.
The students used a computer program.
The image below shows the image displayed on the computer screen.
This is the method used:
1. Sit facing the computer screen.
2. Click the mouse button as quickly as possible when the computer screen turns green.
3. Record the time taken as shown on the computer screen.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 a further 9 times.
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23. The table shows the students’ results.
Time in milliseconds
Attempt
number
Student A Student B Student C
1 275 260 272
2 259 268 268
3 251 251 275
4 261 256 266
5 260 244 270
6 263 280 283
7 259 468 274
8 256 258 278
9 255 255 286
10 248 277 275
Mean 259 282 275
(1 second = 1000 milliseconds)
(a) Suggest why measuring reaction time with a computer is more accurate than measuring
reaction time with a stopwatch.
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
(b) The students measured 10 reaction times for each person rather than 3 reaction times.
Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________
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(2)
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24. (c) Explain why the mean for student B has been calculated incorrectly.
Use information from the table.
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(2)
(d) Calculate the ratio of student C’s mean reaction time to student A’s mean reaction time.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
___________________________________________________________________
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Ratio student C : student A = ____________________ : 1
(2)
(e) Student A wanted to present his mean result in seconds, in standard form.
What is the correct way of doing this?
Tick one box.
259 × 10−3 seconds
0.259 × 10−3 seconds
2.59 × 10−1 seconds
0.259 × 10−4 seconds
(1)
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25. (f) Student C said the results from this investigation showed that he had the fastest reactions.
Give two reasons why student C’s statement is not correct.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(g) The reaction the students investigated is not a reflex action.
Give the reason why.
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Many scientists think that global air temperature is related to the concentration of carbon dioxide
12. in the atmosphere.
The graph below shows changes in global air temperature and changes in the concentration of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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26. (a) Complete the table below.
Use information from the graph above.
Choose answers from the box.
You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.
constant decreasing increasing
1960 − 1977 1977 − 2003 2003 − 2015
Trend in carbon dioxide
Increasing
concentration
Trend in air temperature
(2)
Many scientists think that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere causes
an increase in air temperature.
(b) How would an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cause an
increase in air temperature?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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27. (c) Evaluate evidence for and against the theory that an increase in the concentration of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes an increase in air temperature.
Use data from the graph above and your own knowledge.
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(4)
In each year, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is higher in the winter than in
the summer.
(d) Give one human activity that could cause the higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the
winter.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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28. (e) Give one biological process that could cause the lower concentration of carbon dioxide in
the summer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) Give two possible effects of an increase in global air temperature on living organisms.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
(a) Which organ of the human body produces egg cells?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
liver ovary testis
(1)
(b) An egg joins with a sperm and develops into an embryo.
How many chromosomes are there in each cell of a human embryo?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
23 46 48
(1)
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29. (c) Some women find it difficult to have a baby. A doctor may suggest that these women
should use In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) to help them have a baby.
Table 1 shows how successful IVF was for women of different ages at one clinic.
Table 1
Age of women in Percentage of women
years who had a baby
<35 35
35–37 31
38–39 25
40–42 32
43–44 7
>44 0
(i) A student thought that the result for women aged 40–42 was anomalous.
Suggest why the student thought this result was anomalous.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Describe the general trend in the results in Table 1.
You should ignore the anomalous result.
______________________________________________________________
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(1)
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30. (d) Some babies are born with a faulty chromosome.
Scientists investigated whether the chance of having a baby with a faulty chromosome is
also related to the age of the woman.
Table 2 shows the scientists’ results.
Table 2
Age of women in Number of women per 1000 who had a
years baby with a faulty chromosome
25 2.0
30 2.6
35 6.1
40 19.6
45 66.0
(i) A 45-year-old woman is more likely than a 25-year-old woman to have a baby with a
faulty chromosome.
How many times more likely?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Answer = _____________________ times
(2)
(ii) Suggest two reasons why many fertility clinics will not accept women over 40 years
of age for IVF treatment.
Use information from Table 1 and Table 2 in your answer.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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31. Some weed killers are selective.
Selective weed killers kill broad-leaved weed plants, but do not kill narrow-leaved grass plants.
The diagram below shows some weeds growing on a grassy lawn.
Some students investigated the effect of a selective weed killer on the weeds growing in a lawn.
They used 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrats.
The lawn was 20 metres long and 10 metres wide.
This is the method used.
1. Divide the lawn into two halves, side A and side B.
2. Place 5 quadrats in different positions on side A.
3. Place 5 more quadrats in different positions on side B.
4. Count the number of weed plants in each quadrat.
5. Spray side A with weed killer solution.
6. Spray side B with the same volume of water.
7. Repeat steps 2-4 after 2 weeks.
(a) Suggest a method the students should have used to place each quadrat.
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Give the reason for the method you suggested in part (a).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
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32. (c) Explain why the students used water on one side of the lawn instead of weed killer.
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
The table below shows the students’ results.
Number of weeds per quadrat
At start After 2 weeks
Side A Side B Side A Side B
(Weed killer) (Water) (Weed killer) (Water)
8 14 3 8
2 9 4 15
12 3 0 7
15 16 2 12
13 3 1 13
Mean 10 9 2 X
(d) Calculate the mean value, X, in the table above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Mean value, X = ______________________
(1)
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33. (e) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of weeds on side A after 2 weeks.
Use the following equation:
___________________________________________________________________
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Percentage decrease = ______________________
(2)
(f) One student thought the results were not valid.
Suggest one improvement the students could have made to the method to make the
results more valid.
Give the reason for your answer.
Improvement ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
The diagram shows the structures involved in a reflex action.
(a) On the diagram, name the structures labelled W, X and Y.
(3)
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34. (b) The control of blood sugar level is an example of an action controlled by hormones.
Give two ways in which a reflex action is different from an action controlled by hormones.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
High levels of oestrogen inhibit the production of FSH by the pituitary gland.
(i) Explain how this is an example of negative feedback.
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) One drug that is used to treat female infertility is clomiphene. Clomiphene blocks the
inhibitory effect of oestrogen on FSH production.
Explain how this may help in the treatment of infertility.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
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35. Figure 1 shows a reflex in the iris of the human eye in response to changes in light levels.
Figure 1
@ Gandee Vasan/Stone/Getty Images
(a) Describe the changes in the pupil and iris going from A to B in Figure 1.
Explain how these changes occur.
Refer to the changes in light level in your answer.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
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36. (b) Some people wear glasses to improve their vision.
Figure 2 shows light entering the eye in a person with blurred vision.
Figure 3 shows how this condition is corrected with glasses.
Figure 2 Figure 3
Compare Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Explain how the blurred vision is corrected.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
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37. Two students investigated reflex action times.
This is the method used.
1. Student A sits with her elbow resting on the edge of a table.
2. Student B holds a ruler with the bottom of the ruler level with the thumb of Student A.
3. Student B drops the ruler.
4. Student A catches the ruler and records the distance, as shown in the diagram below.
5. Steps 1 to 4 were then repeated.
(a) Suggest two ways the students could improve the method to make sure the test would give
valid results.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
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38. (b) The table below shows Student A’s results.
Distance ruler dropped
Test Number
in mm
1 117
2 120
3 115
4 106
5 123
6 125
7 106
What is the median result?
Tick one box.
106
115
116
117
123
(1)
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39. (c) The mean distance the ruler was dropped is 116 mm.
Calculate the mean reaction time.
Use the equation:
reaction time in s =
Give your answer to 3 significant figures
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Mean reaction time = ______________________ s
(3)
(d) The students then measured Student A’s reaction time using a computer program.
This is the method used.
1. The computer shows a red box at the start.
2. As soon as the box turns green the student has to press a key on the keyboard as
fast as possible.
3. The test is repeated five times and a mean reaction time is displayed.
Student A’s mean reaction time was 110 ms.
Using a computer program to measure reaction times is likely to be more valid than the
method using a dropped ruler.
Give two reasons why.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
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40. (e) A woman has a head injury.
Her symptoms include:
• finding it difficult to name familiar objects
• not being able to remember recent events.
Suggest which part of her brain has been damaged.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) A man has a head injury.
He staggers and sways as he walks.
Suggest which part of his brain has been damaged.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
This question is about the nervous system.
(a) Describe the function of receptors in the skin.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
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41. (b) A response is caused when information in the nervous system reaches an effector.
(i) There are two different types of effector.
Complete the table to show:
• the two different types of effector
• the response each type of effector makes.
(4)
(ii) Some effectors help to control body temperature.
Give one reason why it is important to control body temperature.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
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