Contributed by:
This PDF contains :
Squares of numbers,
Multiplication of two 2 digit numbers:
Cubing
Squaring
Multiplication
Square root
Dividing
Subtracting
1.
Why Vedic Mathematics?
Many Indian Secondary School students consider Mathematics a very difficult
subject. Some students encounter difficulty with basic arithmetical
operations. Some students feel it difficult to manipulate symbols and balance
equations. In other words, abstract and logical reasoning is their hurdle.
Many such difficulties in learning Mathematics enter into a long list if
prepared by an experienced teacher of Mathematics. Volumes have been
written on the diagnosis of 'learning difficulties' related to Mathematics and
remedial techniques. Learning Mathematics is an unpleasant experience to
some students mainly because it involves mental exercise. To reduce all
these hurdles and make the learning process of mathematics enjoyable,
Vedic mathematics is needed.
Squares of numbers ending in 5:
Consider the example 252 .
Here the number is 25. We have to find out the square of the number.
For the number 25, the last digit is 5 and the 'previous' digit is 2. Hence,
'one more than the previous one', that is, 2+1=3. The Sutra, in this
context, gives the procedure ‘to multiply the previous digit 2 by one
more than itself, that is, by 3'.
It becomes the L.H.S (left hand side) of the result, that is, 2 X 3 = 6.
The R.H.S (right hand side) of the result is52, that is, 25.
Thus 252 = 2 X 3 / 25 = 625.
In the same way,
352= 3 X (3+1) /25 = 3 X 4/ 25 = 1225;
652= 6 X 7 / 25 = 4225;
Square a number
Rule 1 : Find the base of given number. That is maybe, 10, 100, 1000,
10000, ...
Rule 2 : Find the difference between base and a given number. That is
a deficiency value.
Rule 3 : Subtract the given number by deficiency and then multiply by
Rule 4 : Square the deficiency value.
Rule 5 : Add rule 3 result with the rule 4 result. Its a final result.
2.
Example: 93 X 93
Rule 1 : 93 base is 100
Rule 2 : 100 - 93 = 7
Rule 3 : (93 - 7) X 100 = 86 X 100 = 8600
Rule 4 : 7 X 7 = 49
Rule 5 : = 8600 + 49 = 8649
93 X 93 = 8649
Multiplication
Multiplication of two 2 digit numbers.
numbers.
Vedic Mathematics offers various ways of multiplication two numbers.
1 Method
Find the product 14 X 12
i) The right hand most digit of the multiplicand, the first number (14)
i.e.,4 is multiplied by the right hand most digit of the multiplier, the
second number (12) i.e., 2. The product 4 X 2 = 8 forms the right hand
most part of the answer.
ii) Now, diagonally multiply the first digit of the multiplicand (14) i.e., 4
and second digit of the multiplier (12)i.e., 1 (answer 4 X 1=4); then
multiply the second digit of the multiplicand i.e.,1 and first digit of the
multiplier i.e., 2(answer 1 X 2 = 2); add these two i.e.,4 + 2 = 6. It
gives the next, i.e., second digit of the answer. Hence second digit of
the answer is 6.
iii) Now, multiply the second digit of the multiplicand i.e., 1 and second
digit of the multiplier i.e., 1 vertically, i.e., 1 X 1 = 1. It gives the left
hand most part of the answer.
Thus the answer is 16 8.
Symbolically we can represent the process as follows :
The symbols are operated from right to left .
3.
Step i)
Step ii)
Step iii)
Now in the same process, answer can be written as
2 : 6 + 3 : 9 = 299 (Recall the 3 steps)
Method 2
This method is used specifically to multiply numbers in which any
number is multiplied by 9,99,999....
1) Write one less than the multiplicand.
2) Write the deficiency of multiplicand.
Multiply 58 by 99
58 x 99 = (58-1)(100-58)
= 57 42
= 5742
4.
Method 3
The formula can be very effectively applied in multiplication of numbers,
which are nearer to bases like 10, 100, 1000i.e., to the powers of 10 .
The numbers taken can be either less or more than the base considered.
The difference between the number and the base is termed as
Deviation may be positive or negative. Positive deviation is written
without the positive sign and the negative deviation, is written using a
negative sign.
Now observe the following table.
Number Base Number – Base Deviation
14 10 14 – 10 4
8 10 8 - 10 -2
97 100 97 – 100 -03
112 100 112 – 100 12
993 1000 993 – 1000 -007
The general form of the multiplication under can be shown as follows :
Let N1 and N2 be two numbers near to a given base in powers of 10,
andD1 and D2 are their respective deviations from the base. Then N1 X
N2 can be represented as
Case (i) Both the numbers are lower than the base.
Ex. 1: Find 97 X 94. Here base is 100. Now following the rules, the
working is as follows:
97 x 94 = 9118.
Ex. 2: 98 X 97 Base is 100.
5.
98 x 97 = 9506
Ex. 3: 994X988. Base is 1000.
Make sure that no. Of digits in the multiplication of the deviations is
equal to the no. Zeroes in the base.
Case ( ii) : Both the numbers are higher than the base.
The method and rules follow as they are. The only difference is the
positive deviation. Instead of cross – subtract, we follow cross – add.
Ex. 4: 13X12. Base is 10
Case ( iii ): One number is more and the other is less than the base.
In this situation one deviation is positive and the other is negative. So
the product of deviations becomes negative. So the right hand side of
the answer obtained will therefore have to be subtracted. To have a
clear representation and understanding a vinculum is used. It proceeds
into normalization.
Ex.11: 13X7. Base is 10
13 3
07 -3
10 3 (-3) = -9
As the base is 10 . So, 10-9= 1
6.
So , 13 x 7 = 91
Ex. 5: 108 X 94. Base is 100.
Ex. 6: 998 X 1025. Base is 1000.
Method 4 :-
:- Visual multiplication with Lines
Here's a way to multiply numbers visually!
Suppose you want to multiply 22 by 13. Draw 2 lines slanted upward to
the right, and then move downward to the right a short distance and
draw another 2 lines upward to the right (see the magenta lines in
Figure 1). Then draw 1 line slanted downward to the right, and then
move upward to the right a short distance and draw another 3 lines
slanted downward to the right (the cyan lines in Figure 1).
Now count up the number of intersection points in each corner of the
figure. The number of intersection points at left (green-shaded region)
will be the first digit of the answer. Sum the number of intersection
points at the top and bottom of the square (in the blue-shaded region);
this will be the middle digit of the answer. The number of intersection
points at right (in the yellow-shaded region) will be the last digit of the
7.
This will work to multiply any two two-digit numbers, but if any of the
green, blue, gold sums have 10 or more points in them, be sure to carry
the tens digit to the left, just as you would if you were adding.
The Math Behind the Fact:
The method works because the number of lines are like placeholders (at
powers of 10: 1, 10, 100, etc.), and the number of dots at each
intersection is a product of the number of lines. You are then summing
up all the products that are coefficients of the same power of 10. Thus
the in the example
22 x 13 = ( 2*10 + 2 ) * ( 1*10 + 3 ) = 2*1*100 + 2*3*10 + 2*1*10
+ 2*3 = 286.
The diagram displays this multiplication visually. In the green-shaded
region there are 2*1=2 dots. In the blue-shaded region there are
2*3+2*1=8 dots. In the gold-shaded region there are 2*3=6 dots. This
method does exactly what you would do if you wrote out the
multiplication the long way and added the columns!
The method can be generalized to products of three-digit numbers (or
more) using more sets of lines (and summing the dot groupings
vertically and remembering to carry when needed). It can also be
generalized to products of three-numbers using cubes of lines rather
than squares! (Of course, it gets pretty unwieldy to use the method at
that point.)
METHOD 5 :-
To multiply three digit numbers
8.
Consider the following example
124 X 132.
Proceeding from right to left
i) 4 X 2 = 8. First digit = 8
ii) (2 X 2) + (3 X 4) = 4 + 12 = 16. The digit 6 is retained and 1 is
carried over to left side. Second digit = 6.
iii) (1 X 2) + (2 X 3) + (1 X 4) = 2 + 6 + 4 =12. The carried over
1 of above step is added i.e., 12 + 1 = 13. Now 3 is retained
and 1 is carried over to left side. Thus third digit = 3
iv) ( 1X 3 ) + ( 2 X 1 ) = 3 + 2 = 5. the carried over 1 of above
step is added i.e., 5 + 1 = 6 . It is retained. Thus fourth digit =
6.
v) ( 1 X 1 ) = 1. As there is no carried over number from the
previous step it is retained. Thus fifth digit = 1
124 X 132 = 16368.
Let us work another problem by placing the carried over digits under the
first row and proceed.
x 316
i) 4 X 6 = 24 : 2, the carried over digit is placed below the second
digit.
ii) (3 X 6) + (4 x 1) = 18 + 4 = 22 ; 2, the carried over digit is placed
below third digit.
(iii) (2 X 6) + (3 X 1) + (4 X 3) = 12 + 3 + 12 = 27 ; 2, the
carried over digit is placed below fourth digit.
iv) (2 X 1) + ( 3 X 3) = 2 + 9 = 11; 1, the carried over digit is placed
below fifth digit.
v) ( 2 X 3 ) = 6.
vi) Respective digits are added.
9.
METHOD 6 :-
To find the square of any number irrespective of its deficiency. I t is
specifically useful for finding squares of number nearer to 10,100,1000
Rule 1:- Find the deficiency of the number.
Rule 2 :- The right hand side of the answer is the square of deficiency.
Rule 3 :- To find the left side of the answer subtract the deficiency from
the number.
Ex.1. (96)2
100-96 = 4
(4)2 = 16
96-4 =92
So, (96)2 = 9216
Ex.2. (114)2
100-114 = -14
(-14)2 = 196 (3 digits)
Here the right part has three digits, one more than the no.
Zeroes in the working base, so 1 is carry over.
114-(-14) +1 = 128 + 1
= 129
2
So, (114) = 12996
Ex.3 (9991)2
Working base of 9991 is 10000
Deficiency = 10000-9991
= 09
2
(09) =81
As the working base contains 4 zeroes , so right hand side of the
answer is 0081.
Now , 9991-9 = 9982
So , (9991)2= 99820081.
10.
Take a two digit number say 14.
i) Find the ratio of the two digits i.e. 1:4
ii) Now write the cube of the first digit of the number i.e. 13
iii) Now write numbers in a row of 4 terms in such a way that the first
one is the cube of the first digit and remaining three are obtained in a
geometric progression with common ratio as the ratio of the original two
digits (i.e. 1:4) i.e. the row is
1 4 16 64.
iv) Write twice the values of 2nd and 3rd terms under the terms
respectively in second row.
i.e., 1 4 16 64
8 32 ( 2 x 4 = 8, 2 x 16 = 32)
v) Add the numbers column wise and follow carry over process.
1 4 16 64 Since 16 + 32 + 6 (carryover) = 54
8 32 4 written and 5 (carryover) + 4 + 8 = 17
2 7 4 4 7 written and 1 (carryover) + 1 = 2.
This 2744 is nothing but the cube of the number 14
11.
Example 2: Find 333
Find the cubes of the following numbers using Vedic sutras.
103, 112, 91, 89, 998, 9992, 1014.
12.
To divide the numbers by 9
Consider some two digit numbers (dividends) and same divisor 9.
Observe the following example.
i) 13 ÷ 9 The quotient (Q) is 1, Remainder (R) is 4.
Since 9 ) 13 ( 1
9
4
ii) 34 ÷ 9, Q is 3, R is 7.
iii) 60 ÷ 9, Q is 6, R is 6.
iv) 80 ÷ 9, Q is 8, R is 8.
Now we have another type of representation for the above examples as
given here under:
i) Split each dividend into a left hand part for the Quotient and right -
hand part for the remainder by a slant line or slash.
Eg. 13 as 1 / 3, 34 as 3 / 4 , 80 as 8 / 0.
ii) Leave some space below such representation, draw a horizontal line.
Eg. 1/3 3/4 8/0
______ , ______ , ______
iii) Put the first digit of the dividend as it is under the horizontal line. Put
the same digit under the right hand part for the remainder, add the two
and place the sum i.e., sums of the digits of the numbers as the
Eg. 1/3 3/4 8/0
1 3 8
13.
1 / 4 3 / 7 8 / 8
Now the problem is over. i.e.,
13 ÷ 9 gives Q = 1, R = 4
34 ÷ 9 gives Q = 3, R = 7
80 ÷ 9 gives Q = 8, R = 8
Proceeding for some more of the two digit number division by 9, we get
a) 21 ÷ 9 as 9) 2 / 1
i.e. Q=2, R=3 2
2/3
b) 43 ÷ 9 as 9) 4 / 3
i.e. Q = 4, R = 7. 4
4/7
The examples given so far convey that in the division of two digit
numbers by 9, we can mechanically take the first digit down for the
quotient – column and that, by adding the quotient to the second digit,
we can get the remainder.
Now in the case of 3 digit numbers, let us proceed as follows.
i) 9 ) 104 ( 11 9) 10 / 4
99 1/1
5 11 / 5
ii) 9 ) 212 ( 23 9) 21 / 2
207 2/3
5 23 / 5
Note that the remainder is the sum of the digits of the dividend. The
first digit of the dividend from left is added mechanically to the second
14.
digit of the dividend to obtain the second digit of the quotient. This digit
added to the third digit sets the remainder. The first digit of the dividend
remains as the first digit of the quotient.
Consider 511 ÷ 9
Add the first digit 5 to second digit 1 getting 5 + 1 = 6. Hence Quotient
is 56. Now second digit of 56 i.e., 6 is added to third digit 1 of dividend
to get the remainder i.e., 1 + 6 = 7
Thus 9) 51 / 1
5/ 6
56 / 7
Q is 56, R is 7.
Extending the same principle even to bigger numbers of still more digits,
we can get the results.
Eg : 1204 ÷ 9
i) Add first digit 1 to the second digit 2. 1 + 2 = 3
ii) Add the second digit of quotient 13. i.e., 3 to third digit ‘0’ and obtain
the Quotient. 3 + 0 = 3, 133
iii) Add the third digit of Quotient 133 i.e.,3 to last digit ‘4’ of the
dividend and write the final Quotient and Remainder. R = 3 + 4 = 7, Q
= 133
In symbolic form 9 ) 120 / 4
13 / 3
133 / 7
Another example. 9 ) 13210 / 1 132101 ÷ 9
gives 1467 / 7 Q = 14677, R = 8
14677 / 8
15.
In all the cases mentioned above, the remainder is less than the divisor.
What about the case when the remainder is equal or greater than the
Eg. 9) 3 / 6 9) 24 / 6
3 2/6
3 / 9 (equal) 26 / 12 (greater)
We proceed by re-dividing the remainder by 9, carrying over this
Quotient to the quotient side and retaining the final remainder in the
remainder side.
9) 3 / 6 9 ) 24 / 6
/3 2/6
3/9 26 / 12
4/0 27 / 3
Q = 4, R= 0 Q = 27, R = 3.
When the remainder is greater than divisor, it can also be represented
9 ) 24 / 6
2 / 6
26 / 1 / 2
/1
1 /3
27 / 3
16.
Fast Maths Tricks and Shortcuts
In this simple trick we need to modify the equation and make the units digit zero.
After all it is easy to multiply when units digit is zero.
For example - Find square of 43
= (43+3) × (43-3) + (3×3)
=(46×40) + 9
= (460×4) + 9
= 1840 + 9 = 1849
In this simple trick we need to modify the equation and make the units digit zero.
After all it is easy to multiply when units digit is zero.
For example - Find square of 43
= (43+3) × (43-3) + (3×3)
=(46×40) + 9
= (460×4) + 9
= 1840 + 9 = 1849
Multiplication with 5
Simply multiply the number by 10 and then divide it by 2.
For example 99×5= 990/2= 495
Multiplication with 99
Multiply the number with 100 and then minus same number from the result. Let's
take an example
Multiply 32×99 = 3200 - 32 = 3168
17.
Square root
Best method to find square root of large numbers is by dividing the number into
parts. Let's take an example
Find square √ 1936
√ 1936 = √ 4 × √ 484 = √ 4 × √ 4 × √ 121 = 2×2×11 = 44
Simplification Techniques PDF
Time and Work
For example - A takes 10 days to complete a job. B takes 20 days to complete the
same job. In how many days they will complete the job if they work together ?
A's efficiency = 100/10 = 10% per day
B's efficiency = 100/20 = 5% per days
A and B can do 15% of the work in a day if they work together. So they can do the
whole job in 100/15 = 6.66 days or 6 days and 18 hours.
That's the most important technique. This is not a secret that every successful
candidate is using this technique during exams.
Example - 112 × 92
Simply 112 × 9 = 1008
Add a zero 10080 and then add 224 to 10080.
Answer is 10304
Multiplying with 11
How do you multiply a number with 11? Let us take an example. Say you have to
multiply 35 with 11. Just follow these 3 steps given below.
1. Write 35 as 3( )5 (where ( ) is a space for a new digit that will be inserted in the
middle)
2. Find the middle digit as 3 (3+5) 5. The middle digit is the sum of first 2 digits
3. The number is 385. As simple and as fast as that.
18.
But what if the sum of first 2 digits if more than 9 i.e. a 2 digit number? Let us take
an example again. Say the number is 59 that has to multiplied with 11
o Write 59 as 5( )9
o Find the middle digit as 5(5+9)9 = 5(14)9. Since the middle digit is not actually a
digit but a 2 digit number, so add 10 to first digit and retain 4 in the middle
o The number is 5+1 (4) 9 = 649. As fast as that
To multiply 52 and 11,imagine there is a space between 52
52*11= 5_2 (Put an imaginary space in between)
Now, what to do with that space?
Just add 5 and 2 and put the result in the imaginary space
So, 52 * 11 =572 (which is your answer)
Let’s try some more examples:
1) 35 * 11 = 3 (3+5) 5 = 385
2) 81 * 11 = 8 (8+1) 1 = 891
3) 72 * 11 = 7 (7+2) 2 = 792 etc..
Here are few more mental maths tricks..
Multiply any large number by 12 mentally in seconds
To multiply any number by 12 just double last digit and thereafter double each digit
and add it to its neighbour
For example 21314 * 12 = 255768
Lets break it into simple steps:
Step 1: 021314 * 12 = _____8 (Double of Last Digit 4= 8 )
Step 2: 021314 * 12 = ____68 (Now Double 1= 2, and add it to 4, 2+4=6)
Step 3: 021314 * 12= ___768 (Now Double 3=6, and add it to 1, 6+1=7)
Step 4: 021314 * 12= __5768 (Now Double 1=2, and add it to 3, 2+3=5)
Step 5: 021314 * 12= _55768 (Now Double 2=4, and add it to 1, 4+1=5)
Step 6: 021314 * 12= 255768 (Now Double 0=0, and add it to 2, 0+2=2)
19.
So your final answer of 21314 * 12 = 255768
Another example...
Calculating Square of numbers quickly...
Lets calculate the square of 54
So (54)^2 = 5^2 +4 -- 4^2 = 25 +4 ----16 =29-------16= 2916
Similarly (55)^2 = 5^2 +5 --5^2=25+5------25=30---------25= 3025
Similarly (56)^2 = 5^2 + 6--6^2=25+6------36= 31--------36= 3136 etc..
Power multiplication or square of a number that ends in 5
Here the speed would really amaze you. Try finding the square of 85 in your mind.
How much time did it take to you? Now try this fast math trick here.
1. Ignore 5 in the units place
2. Take the digit in the tens place i.e. 8 and multiply it with its successor i.e. 8+1 = 9.
The result is 72
3. Simply place 25 at the end of the result i.e. 7225. That’s it. 7225 is the square of
85. That is your answer.
Multiplying with 5
To multiply any number with 5 is same as multiplying it with 10 and dividing it by 2.
We can use this rule to speed up our multiplication with 5. So here is the trick. Say
you want to multiply 236 with 5.
1. Divide the number by 2 i.e. 118
2. Now add 0 at the end. The answer is 1180
Was that fast math or what! But wait, what if the answer is in decimal? The rule still
holds. Try and multiply 1305 with 5
1. Divide the number by 2 i.e. 652.5
2. Now multiply it by 10 i.e. 6525. This is same as adding a 0 at the end or moving a
decimal point one step to the right.
Multiplying with 9
Suppose you want to multiply a number by 9, is there a fast way? Well, there is
something that will help when you are dealing with large numbers and especially if
you are fast with subtraction. Say you have to multiply 81 with 9.
1. At 0 at the end of the number i.e. 810
2. Subtract original number from the new number i.e. 810 - 81 = 729
This rule works every time. The only thing is that it gets a little cumbersome when
you are dealing with mid sized numbers say a 4 digit number or so. But this math
20.
trick will still make multiplication with 9 faster and less error prone for most of us. So
that was our fast math trick for multiplication with 9
Multiplying with 25
What if you have you to multiply a two digit number with 25. Say you have to multiply
57 with 25. Can you do the math fast? Can you do it in your head without reaching
out for a pen and paper? We teach you the fast math trick to do this calculation in
your head
1. Add two 0 at the end of the number i.e. 5700
2. Now find the half of this number i.e. divide it by 2. So you get 2850
3. Divide it again by 2 i.e. get its half. 1425. This is your answer. i.e. 1425 is the
product of 57 and 25. Don't believe me, check your calculator.
This will work for large numbers too and will be as effective. So try it with 185. Find
the product of 185 and 25
1. Add two 0s at the end. So 18500
2. Now divide it by 2. So you get 9250
3. Divide it again by 2. So you get 4625. That is your answer.
Quick and can be easily done in your head. So that was another fast math trick.
Hungry to find more ways to speed up your arithmetic calculations? Keep reading.
Divide by 5
Enough of multiplication tricks. What if you have to divide by 5. Say you want to
divide 565 by 5. Just follow this 2 step math trick.
1. Double the number i.e. multiply it by 2. So you get 1130
2. Now move decimal point one step to the left i.e. reduce one 0. So the answer is
113.
This works with any number, even decimal numbers. So try it with 142.3
1. Double up the number. So you get 284.6
2. Now move the decimal point to the left by 1 position. So you get 28.46. That is
your answer
Subtracting from 1000
What if you have to subtract a number from 1000? Say the number is 739. There are
a lot of carry overs involved and so it is not really that easy to do it in your head. But
may be this nifty little math trick will help to speed up your calculations and accuracy.
Try and tell me if it was fast for you.
1. Subtract the digits in units position from 10 and subtract the digit in hundred's
position from 9. That is your answer. So here we have 9-7, 9-3, 10-9. So the
answer is 261. That is it. This is only one step.
So that was fast, one step subtraction trick. This, math trick for subtraction works for
any number like 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000 and so on. Just subtract all the digits
from 10 and the last digit i.e. the digit with largest place value from 9. That is your
21.
Multiplying by 15
What is 15? Remember, 15 is 10 + half of 10. So if you to have to multiply any
number with 15, this trick or simple math rule will help improve your arithmetic
computation speed. Say you have to find the product of 67 with 15.
1. Write 0 at the end of the number. Here we have 670
2. Divide this by 2. So we have 335
3. Add up the 2 numbers i.e. 335+670 = 1005
Fast addition of 2 digit numbers
What if you have to add 67 and 24. Can you do it in your head? Can you do it fast?
Try this arithmetic trick and see if it helps in your calculations.
1. Add the numbers in the TENs place. i.e. 6+2 = 8
2. Now bring one of the numbers in the UNITs place behind 8. Say we bring in 7. So
your number is 87.
3. Now count up from 87 by 4 i.e. the other number in the UNIT's place. So you up 4
places from 87 i.e. 88, 89, 90 and 91. 91 is your answer.
Let us try this again. Add 75 and 89.
1. Add the numbers in the TENs place. We get 7+8 = 15
2. Bring in one of the numbers in the UNITs place. We get 159.
3. Count up 5 places from 159. So the answer is 160, 161, 162, 163 and 164. Your
answer is 164.
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