This booklet enhances students' reading and helps them in understanding the basic concepts of geography.
1. Geography – Student Reading Understanding Maps of Earth The Surface of Earth Astronauts aboard the International Space Station looking down on Earth see it as a beautiful planet covered with land and water. Only about 30% of Earth’s surface is land! The remaining 70% of the surface is covered with water. The land on the surface of Earth is divided into seven major pieces called continents: Asia, Europe, Antarctica, Australia, Africa, North America, and South America. The largest bodies of water are the oceans. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. There are many bodies of water smaller than oceans called seas. Earth is approximately spherical with an average radius of 4,000 miles. This spherical Earth can be divided into equal halves called hemispheres. If we separate Earth halfway between the North and South poles (at the equator), we get the Northern Hemisphere (centered around the North Pole), and the Southern Hemisphere (centered around the South Pole). Notice that the Northern Hemisphere is 39% land and 61% ocean, while the Southern Hemisphere is 19% land and 81% ocean.
2. Geography – Student Reading Understanding Maps of Earth Latitude and Longitude EARTHKAM COORDINATES Maps and globes usually have lines on them to help locate places on EarthKAM measures latitude Earth. These lines are called latitude and longitude lines. These lines and longitude using decimal are not actually on the planet, but are imaginary lines used to help degrees and N, S, E, W us find our way around the curved surface of Earth. The imaginary notations. For example, 39.2°N lines circling the globe in an east-west direction are called the lines of and 120.7°W. Other formats latitude (or parallels, as they are parallel to the equator). They are used for reporting latitude and to measure distances north and south of the equator. The lines circling longitude that you may see the globe in a north-south direction are called lines of longitude (or include: 39° 12’ 00’” and 120° meridians). They are used to measure distances east and west. Lines 42’ 00’” (degrees, minutes, and of latitude and longitude crisscross to form a grid. The location of any seconds) 39.2° and -120.7° point on the surface of Earth can be described by two coordinates: its (south and west are negative) latitude and its longitude. ONE DEGREE OF LATITUDE One degree of latitude is equal to about 111 kilometers at any place on the globe. If you know that two cities at the same longitude are 10 degrees of latitude apart, then you know they lie about 1,110 kilometers (10 degrees x 111 km/degree) from each other. Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator. The equator is at 0 degrees (0°) latitude, and it divides Earth into its northern and southern hemispheres. It is the starting point for measuring distances in degrees north or south of the equator. Values for latitude range from 0° to 90° north for locations north of the equator, and from 0° to 90° south for locations south of the equator. Notice on the figure that the lines of latitude run in the east-west direction and are parallel to the equator. Any other location directly east or west of you lies at the same latitude that you do.
3. Geography – Student Reading Understanding Maps of Earth The lines circling the globe in a north-south direction are called lines ONE DEGREE OF LONGITUDE of longitude (or meridians). Greenwich, England (near London), was As you go further north or selected to be zero degrees longitude in 1884 because it was the home south of the equator, the of the most advanced observatory at that time. The “prime meridian” distance between the two runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich and is lines of longitude becomes the starting point for measuring east and west longitudes. Locations smaller, because all longitude with 0º longitude lie exactly on the prime meridian. lines intersect at the poles. At the equator (0° latitude), 1° of longitude corresponds to approximately 110 kilometers. At 30° N or S, 1° of longitude corresponds to approximately 96.5 km, and at 60° N or S, 1° of longitude corresponds to approximately 56 km. Longitude measures how far east or west a point lies from the prime meridian. Values for longitude range from 0° to 180° E for locations east of the prime meridian and 0° to 180° W for locations west of the prime meridian. 180° E and 180° W are the same longitude line.
4. Geography – Student Reading Understanding Maps of Earth The best representation of Earth is a globe. Globes do not distort the geometry of Earth (except, of course, its size!). Since globes are hard to carry around and you can’t see the entire surface of Earth all at once, mapmakers produce flat maps of Earth. This is not an easy thing since the surface of Earth is curved. Flat Maps of Earth One way to get a flat map of the curved Earth is to cut the outer layer of the globe from top to bottom in equal sections. These long sections (called gores) are pointed on both ends. Mercator Maps There are numerous mathematical methods—called projections—used to transfer information about Earth’s curved surface to a flat, rectangular map. One method—the Mercator projection—is the type used for the EarthKAM Slider Map. Mercator maps give true directions, but they exaggerate the size of the land that is located far from the equator. Compare the two figures: the globe and the Mercator map. They show the same regions of Earth, but the details of the regions look different. Greenland is much smaller than South America on the globe, but appears to be longer than South America on the Mercator projection map. Also notice how the longitude and latitude lines are curved on the globe but straight on the Mercator projection map.
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