This booklet helps students in understanding the concepts of human geography. It will enhance their knowledge in the field of human geography by learning different aspects related to it.
1. Introduction to Human Geography Chapter 1
2. Key Question: What is Human Geography?
3. Human Geography • The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world.
4. Geographers use fieldwork to understand linkages among places and to see the complexities of issues Why do Kenyans grow tea and coffee instead of cash crops?
5. Globalization A set of processes that A set of outcomes that are: are: - increasing interactions - unevenly distributed - deepening - varying across scales relationships - differently manifested - heightening interdependence throughout the world. without regard to country borders.
6. Imagine and describe the most remote place on Earth you can think of 100 years ago. Now, describe how globalization has changed this place and how the people there continue to shape the place – to make it the place it is
7. Key Question: What are Geographic Questions?
8. Geographic inquiry focuses on the spatial: - the spatial arrangement of places and phenomena (human and - how are things organized on Earth? - how do they appear on the landscape? - why? where? so what?
9. Spatial distribution What processes create and sustain the pattern of a distribution? Map of Cholera Victims in London’s Soho District in 1854. The patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations helped uncover the source of the disease.
10. Five Themes of Geography • Place • Region • Location • Human Environment- Interaction • Movement
11. Place Sense of place: infusing a place with meaning and emotion. Perception of place: belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures.
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15. Region • Common traits that several (a group of) areas of the world share. – Three major types: formal, functional and vernacular and perceptual
16. Formal • Formal regions-where anything and everything inside has the same characteristics or phenomena. i.e corn belt, citizen of a relatively homogenous country like Germany
17. Functional • Functional regions- defined around a certain point or node. Density is highest in the center and fades as you move further away. i.e radio tower signal
18. Perceptual or Vernacular • The idea of a region based on personal perception. i.e US regions: Midwest, South Northwest. Culture and space
19. Location • Where are you located? Where is something located? • Two Types: – Relative – Absolute
20. Relative Location • Where you, or something, is located in relation to something, somewhere, else.
21. Absolute Location • Exact location on Earths surface. • Longitude and Latitude Coordinates
22. Human Environmental Interaction • The modification of earths surface to benefit the humans living on it.
23. Movement Spatial interaction: the interconnectedness between places depends upon: Distance Accessibility Connectivity
24. Spatial Interaction- Movement • The level of connectedness a place has.
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26. Key Question: Why do Geographers use Maps, and What do Maps Tell Us?
27. Two Types of Maps: Reference Maps Thematic Maps - Show locations of - Tell a story about places and the degree of an geographic features attribute, the - Absolute locations pattern of its distribution, or its movement. - Relative locations What are reference maps used for? What are thematic maps used for?
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29. What story about median income in the DC area is this map
30. Mental Maps: maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of. can see: terra incognita, landmarks, paths, and accessibility Activity Spaces: the places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity.
31. Map Projection
32. Map Projection • The earth is round. Taking a round object and attempting to flatten it is challenging. • Projection-taking something 3D and making it 2D is Projection • Three main types of projections- – Cylindrical – Azimuthal – Conic
33. Cylindrical Projection • Mercator was the first to come up with this type of projection. • Rolls the globe out • Flat map- very good for sailors
34. Cylindrical Projection Cont. • Land area is very close to real-life scale. • Shape of land areas are the same as in real-life. • Greenland and Australia become distorted but because the have few people is doesn’t make much of a difference. • Used most often • Negatives: Eastern and Western areas are separated; Longitude lines do not meet (which happens in real life); the grid system (long and lat lines) do not form right angles in real life either.
35. Azimuthal, Planar, Projection
36. Azimuthal Projection • Flattens the globe from the top • Used to show area for large maps • Typically maps of continents
37. Conic Projection
38. Conic Projection • Smaller area maps • Typically used to display information on smaller areas like individual countries.
39. Projections cause Distortions • There are four major types of map distortions: – Shape – Distance – Relative size – Direction
40. Shape • An area appears to be longer or shorter than in real life.
41. Distance • Distance between two points can become increased or decreased. • Distance from Washington D.C to Kabul, Afghanistan: 6936 mi.
42. Relative Size • Size of area in real life can appear smaller or larger than in real life. • Greenland is 1/6th the size of South America
43. Direction • Direction from one place to another can be distorted
44. Equal Area Projection
45. Robinson Projection • An uninterrupted projection display. • Used to display info across oceans • Negative: minimizes land area • Maps are curved
46. Robinson Projection
47. Mercator Projection • Shape is distorted very little • Direction is consistent • Map is rectangular-L&L meet at 90* angle • Disadvantages: Land mass near poles is greatly distorted
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49. a collection of computer hardware and software that permits storage and analysis of layers of spatial data.
50. a method of collecting data by instruments that are distant from the area of study.
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52. Google Maps PP
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67. Key Question: Why are Geographers Concerned with Scale and Connectedness?
68. Scale Scale is the territorial extent of something. The observations we make and the context we see vary across scales, such as: - local - regional - national - global
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70. Scale is a powerful concept because: - Processes operating at different scales influence one another. - What is occurring across scales provides context for us to understand a phenomenon. - People can use scale politically to change who is involved or how an issue is perceived. - e.g. Zapatistas rescale their movement - e.g. laws jump scales, ignoring cultural differences
71. Regions Formal region: defined by a commonality, typically a cultural linkage or a physical characteristic. e.g. German speaking region of Europe Functional region: defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it. e.g. an urban area
72. Regions Perceptual Region: ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.” e.g. the South the Mid-Atlantic the Middle East
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74. The meanings of regions are often contested. In Montgomery, Alabama, streets named after Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks intersect. Photo credit: Jonathan Leib
75. Culture Culture is an all-encompassing term that identifies not only the whole tangible lifestyle of peoples, but also their prevailing values and beliefs. - cultural trait - cultural complex - cultural hearth
76. Connectedness Diffusion: the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other areas. What slows/prevents diffusion? - time-distance decay - cultural barriers
77. Types of Diffusion • Expansion Diffusion – idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth • Contagious – spreads adjacently • Hierarchical – spreads to most linked people or places first. • Stimulus – idea promotes a local experiment or change in the way people do things.
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79. Stimulus Diffusio n Because Hindus believe cows are holy, cows often roam the streets in villages and towns. The McDonalds restaurants in India feature veggie burgers.
80. Types of Diffusion • Relocation diffusion – Paris, France movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant locale. Photo credit: H.J. de Blij Photo credit: A.B. Murphy
81. Once you think about different types of diffusion, you will be tempted to figure out what kind of diffusion is taking place for all sorts of goods, ideas, or diseases. Please remember any good, idea or disease can diffuse in more than one way. Choose a good, idea, or disease as an example and describe how it diffused from its hearth across the globe, referring to at least three different types of diffusion.
82. Key Question: What are Geographic Concepts, and How are they used in Answering Geographic Questions?
83. Geographic Concepts Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions.
84. Old Approaches to Human-Environment Questions: • Environmental Determinism (has been rejected by almost all geographers) • Possibilism (less accepted today) New Approaches to Human-Environment Questions: • Cultural ecology • Political ecology
85. Create a strong (false) statement about a people and their environment using either environmental determinism or possibilism. Determine how the statement you wrote is false, taking into consideration the roles of culture, politics, and economy in human- environment relations.
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