Matter can exist in three forms or phases: solids, liquids, or gases. A substance is defined as a matter which is homogeneous and of which all parts are alike. Substances are either elements or compounds. Compounds are pure substances that are composed of two or more elements.
1. The Classification of Matter Atoms, Elements, Molecules and Compounds
2. PURE SUBSTANCE Something that can not be broken down into simpler matter using physical methods. There are two types of Elements & Compounds.
3. Are the simplest kind of pure substance. There are ~ 110 elements, each made of a different type of atom (periodic table).
4. Each element has a name and symbol.
5. Not all elements are equally common.
6. Most elements can exist as a single atom (Fe, Cu): Diatomic Gases But some elements Hydrogen H2 (mostly gases) Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2 usually exist as Fluorine F2 diatomic molecules Chlorine Cl2 (groups of 2 Bromine Br2 atoms). Iodine I
7. Allotropes Different structural forms of the same element. Oxygen has 3 allotropes: O O2 O3 Monatomic Oxygen Diatomic Ozone (Single Oxygen Oxygen Molecule Atom) Molecule
8. Allotropes of Carbon Diamond Graphite All are pure carbon. Each has a different structure. Fullerenes Carbon Nanotubes
9. Are pure substances that are composed of multiple types of elements (2 or more), chemically bonded to one another. Compounds can not be broken down by physical methods (they can be broken down by chemical reactions).
10. Have definite compositions, with element ratios indicated by subscripts (H2O). We call this building block the “water molecule”.
11. The properties of compounds are very different from the properties of the elements that make them up!
12. Na + Cl NaCl
13. MIXTURES A mixture is something that CAN be broken down into simpler materials using physical methods. There are 3 possible types of mixtures: 1) Element + Another Element 2) Compound + Another Compound 3) Element + Compound
14. MIXTURES There are 2 main types of mixtures: a) Homogeneous- The parts are distributed evenly. Examples: Salt water; syrup; air; brass.
15. MIXTURES Homogeneous mixtures of liquids are called solutions. Homogeneous mixtures of metallic atoms are called alloys.
16. b) Heterogeneous- The parts are distributed unevenly. Examples: Spaghetti and Meatballs; Water + Oil mixture.
17. We learned that the properties of compounds are TOTALLY DIFFERENT from the properties of the elements that make them up. In contrast, the properties of mixtures ARE related to the properties of the substances that make the mixtures up. Properties of Saltwater
18. Matter Flowchart MATTER yes Can it be physically no separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no uniform? decomposed? Homogeneous Heterogeneous Mixture Mixture Compound Element Solutions + Alloys
19. What are each of these? Atom, Element, or
20. Four different molecules: • Which are compounds?
21. Warmup 11/21/11 (R) Types of Particles: Atoms or Molecules or Both? Types of Matter: Elements or Compounds or Mixture?
22. Chemical Symbols Represent Elements Chemical Symbols are either one or two letters. If one letter, it is always capitalized. If two letters, the first is capitalized, the A chemical symbol implies one second is lower atom of that element. case.
23. Chemical Formulas show how many atoms of each element are in one molecule of an element or compound: Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon Formula elements total atoms O2 1 2 0 H2O 2 3 0 C3H8O 3 12 3 C6H12O4Cl 4 23 6
24. Nuts, Bolts, Washers Is it an element, compound, or mixture? What are the element and compound formulas?
25. Nuts, Bolts, Washers Is it an element, compound, or mixture? What are the element and compound formulas?
26. Nuts, Bolts, Washers Is it an element, compound, or mixture? What are the element and compound formulas?
27. WRITING FORMULAS When writing formulas, list the elements in this order: First…bolts. (Bo) Second…nuts. (Nu) Third…washers. (Wa) Example: BoNuWa2
28. • All pure substances can be represented by a Single Chemical Formula: H2O If it’s really a pure substance, you should only need to write ONE chemical formula to describe it’s composition.
29. How many atoms of each element are present in one molecule of: (NH4)2SO3 N……………. 2 H…………… 8 S……………. 1 O…………… 3
30. Practice with Vocabulary:
31. Methods of Mixture Separation 1) Mechanical Separation (often by hand) takes advantage of physical properties such as color and shape. Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal
32. Methods of Mixture Separation 2) Magnetic Separation takes advantage of the physical property of magnetism. Separating Metals in a Scrap Yard
33. Methods of Mixture Separation 3) Filtration takes advantage of the physical property of the state of matter. A screen lets the liquid particles through, but traps the solid particles. Example: Filtering Coffee, Spaghetti
34. A filter can also be used to separate particles of (ex. a window screen, an air filter, a sand
35. Methods of Mixture Separation 4) Decanting: To pour off a liquid, leaving another liquid or solid behind. Takes advantage of differences in density. Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate or water from rice.
36. Methods of Mixture Separation 5 ) Distillation: The separation of a mixture of liquids based on the physical property of boiling point. Example: the distillation of alcohol or oil
37. A distillation tower or “still”
38. Methods of Mixture Separation 6) Evaporation: Vaporizing a liquid and leaving the dissolved solid(s) behind. Used to separate salt solutions. Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water
39. Methods of Mixture Separation Density Separation: More dense components sink to the bottom and less dense components
40. Methods of Mixture Separation 7) Centrifuge: Circular motion helps denser components sink to the bottom faster. Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood
41. Methods of Mixture Separation 8) Paper chromatography: Uses the property of molecular attraction to separate a mixture. Different molecules have different attractions for the paper (the stationary phase) vs. the solvent (the mobile phase) Example: the separation of plant pigments and dyes
42. Methods of Mixture Separation crystallize out of a solution once their solubility limit is reached as the solution cools. Examples: Growing Rock Candy or the Crystallization of a Magma Chamber
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